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<title>Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging RSS feed</title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/contents_list.asp?issue=201404</link>
<language>zh-cn</language>
<copyright>An RSS feed for Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging</copyright>
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<title><![CDATA[Status and mission of the breast imaging]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.001</link>
<description><![CDATA[Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women. Breast imaging plays an important role in breast cancer diagnosis, choice of treatment, assessment of efficacy and the follow-up monitoring post treatment. In this paper, on the basis of a large number of domestic and foreign literature, the author elaborate the status of the breast imaging methods commonly used (mammography, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, PET-CT and other breast imaging technology) and its clinical application comprehensively and briefly. Combining with their clinical practices, The authors put forward their own views on the development trend of breast imaging and mission in the future.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Differentiation of phyllodes breast tumors from fibroadenomas using MRI]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.002</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To evaluate the MRI appearance of phyllodes breast tumors and to differentiate them from fibroadenomas. Materials and Methods: MR images were obtained on GE medical system 3.0-T imager. MR images of 23 patients with  24 phyllodes breast tumors proved by surgery or biopsy pathology were retrospectively analyzed. The results were compared with the MRI appearance of 62 fibroadenomas of 59 patients by using Chi-square test Fisher’s Exact test and t test. Results: There is statistical difference (P=0.004) in average maximum diameter between phyllodes breast tumor and fibroadenomas. Still, there is another statistical difference (P<0.05) in tumor shape and edge between the both. Phyllodes tumors show as lobulated shape commonly (12/24, 50.00%) or irregular shape sometimes (2/24, 8.33%),  while fibroadenomas show as quasi-circular shape (29/62, 46.77%) or lobulated shape (27/62, 43.55%) commonly and no irregular shape seen. In the aspects of tumor edge, most fibroadenomas show smoothly (58/62, 93.55%) and less irregular edge. On the contrary, phyllodes tumors have more irregular edges (7 tumors with irregular edges (29.17%) and 1 tumor with spiculation). Meanwhile, 11 (11/24, 45.83%) phyllodes tumors show patchy hyperintense (bleeding tip) on T1WI compared with fibroadenomas, which has no this kind of signal. On T2WI fat saturation, it shows statistical difference (P=0.025) that phyllodes tumors have hyperintense mostly (21/24, 87.5%) with no isointense or hypointense and fibroadenomas have isointense, hypointense and mixed signal as well as hyperintense (43/62, 69.35%). Furthermore, cystic change area is to be seen in 8 (8/24, 33.33%) phyllodes tumors and no this kind of area in fibroadenomas. In terms of enhanced low signal lace and no-enhanced one, both tumors have not evidently statistical difference. Regarding of curve characteristic, the statistical difference (P=0.008) has showed that II type and III type is mostly seen in phyllodes tumors I type is seen at most in fibroadenomas. Finally, there is no evidently statistical difference (P=0.068) of average ADC between both tumors. Conclusions: There are differences between the phyllodes breast tumors and fibroadenomas on MRI performance. Several DCE-MR findings can be used to help differentiation of phyllodes breast tumors from fibroadenomas.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[MRI features of phyllodes tumor in breast with pathological correlation]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.003</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective:To study the MRI features of breast phyllodes tumor and to correlate them to different pathological types. Materials and methods: Clinical and imaging findings of 16 patients with pathologically confirmed PT were retrospectively reviewed. All of these 16 patients had pre-operative MRI, which were interpreted by 2 experienced radiologists according to BI-RADS classification. Inter-group comparisons were performed between benign and malignant PT based on pathological findings. Results: The pathologic findings were benign, borderline, and malignant in 10, 4, and 2 cases. Both 2 malignant cases had previous breast tumor excision. PT showed isointensity on non-contrast enhanced T1WI and hyperintensity on STIR, while large lesions showed heterogenous internal signal intensity. Non-benign PT tended to be featured with larger diameter, confluent multinodular, type III TIC and lower ADC. MRI detected 100% PT lesions with a diagnostic accuracy of 62.5%. BI-RADS classification results showed low correlation with pathological results. Conclusions: MRI features of breast PT are diverse. Breast MRI has certain advantages in preoperative diagnosis of PT, while the final diagnosis should only be based upon carefully histopathological examination of the whole lesion.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[MRI diagnosis of the breast intraductal papilloma]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.004</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the breast intraductal papilloma, and to help improve the diagnostic accuracy of the MRI for this lesion. Materials and Methods: Postoperative pathology was used as the gold standard, a total of 76 patients with breast intraductal papillom were collected, including 7 patients with bilateral breast neoplasms. Clinical characteristics of the preoperative MRI image data were analyzed, including morphological features of the lesion, the signal characteristics of the lesion for T2WI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), the internal reinforcement method, and the characteristics of hemodynamics. Results: The average largest diameter line of the lesions was 1.3 cm, range from 0.2 cm to 9.8 cm. Morphology of the lesions were summarized as follows: round 51 cases, elliptic 13 cases, irregularly shaped 11 cases, lobulated 8 cases. Seventy-three cases showed clear margin while the other 10 cases didn’t. For the fat suppressed signal on T2WI, the number of cases with mixed hyper-intensity, iso-intensity, and hyper-intensity was 40, 34 and 9, respectively. There were 3 patients with unilateral lesion didn’t get the DWI result, 59 cases showed hyper-intensity, and 21 cases showed iso-intensity on DWI. The average value of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of the lesions was 1.15×10-3 mm2/s, ranges from 0.82× 10-3 mm2/s to 1.42×10-3 mm2/s. Fifty cases showed homogeneous enhancement and the other 33 showed heterogeneous enhancement. For the type of time-signal intensity curve, numbers of platform, outflow and sustained ascending was 22, 33, and 28, respectively. There were 16 cases in association with duct dilatation, among which 11 cases were cystic and solid. Conclusions: The characteristics of the MRI for the breast intraductal papilloms generally present as round lesion with clear margin, mixed hyper- or iso-intensity on T2WI, and with homogeneous enhancement. All these characteristics are valuable for accurate diagnosis.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[The apparent diffusion coefficient measurement in diagnosis of axillary lymph node lesions with multi b values and optimizing b value]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.005</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To compare apparent diffusion coefficient measurement of benign axillary lymph node and malignant axillary lymph node identification value and optimizing b value. Materials and Methods: By collecting in the hospital for breast dynamic contrast-enhanced scans and diffusion-weighted imaging,using three b values (400, 800, 1000 s/mm2). 59 patients (96 lymph nodes) with a clear outcome of the surgery and pathology and/or needle biopsy results were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The ADC values of malignant lesions were signifi cantly lower than those of benign lesions(P=0.00).The sensitivity and specificity were 88.53% and 62.85%, 77.14% and 78.69%, 77.14% and 81.97% respectively when b=400, 800 and 1000 by using a threshold ADC of less than 1.240, 0.955, 0.890×10-3mm2/s respectively. Areas under the curve are 0.828, 0.849, 0.873 as b=400 s/mm2, 800 s/mm2, 1000 s/mm2, respectively. Conclusions: The ADC value has moderate diagnosis potency in differentiating benign and malignant lymph node. The optimal b value is 1000 s/mm2.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Correlation on MRI non-morphological features and C-erbB-2 expression of breast cancer]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.006</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To explore the correlations of MRI non- morphological features (hemodynamic performance and function characteristics) and C-erbB-2 of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Seventy-seven patients diagnosed as breast cancers by pathologic examination were reviewed, analysis the MRI non- morphological features and the C-erbB-2 expression, to explore pathological changes of time-signal intensity curve, early intensive rate and ADC values, using t-test and chi-square test and Spearman rank correlation analysis with the correlation of C-erbB-2 expression. Results: The time-signal intensity curve of breast cancer, early intensive rate had no correlation with C-erbB-2 expression, ADC values had negative correlation with C-erbB-2 expression, ADC values differences between the groups of C-erbB-2 expression was statistically significant, the best threshold of ADC value to judgment C-erbB-2 expression was 0.988×10-3mm2/s by ROC curve. Conclusions: C-erbB-2 expression had no correlation with MRI hemodynamic performance indicators, had negative correlation with ADC values.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[The feasibility of MRI to indicate protein expressions in primary breast cancer]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.007</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: By analying the relationship of MR images to the expressions of ER, PR, C-erbB-2, Ki-67, Topo II α, and discuss the possibility of MR images used to indicate the expressions of some proteins as biomarkers of breast cancers detected immunohistochemically. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis the MRI features of 156 primary breast cancer patients in China was performed. Morphologic and kinetic features of breast cancer in MRI were determined based on the breast imaging and reporting data system (BI-RADS). The expressions of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), C-erbB-2, Ki-67 and Topo II α were detected by immunohistochemistry. Pearson χ2  test and Spearman test were used to analyze the correlations of the MR features to these biomarkers. Results: Topo II α were often expressed in mass-like lesions. C-erbB-2 were often expressed in non-mass-like lesions, irregular shape lesions and homogenous enhancement lesions. PR were poorly expressed in rim enhancement lesions. C-erbB-2 were often expressed in the tumors with higher maximum signal enhancement ratio. Topo II α and Ki-67 were often expressed in the tumors with short time to peak. Conclusion: The present MR data might be expected to being useful in assessing the protein expression of primary breast cancer.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[The value of phase-contrast sequence MRV in evaluating the relationship between meningioma and cranial venous sinus before operation]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.008</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To study the value of phase-contrast sequence MRV in evaluating relationship between meningioma and cranial venous sinus. Materials and Methods: Analyzing 26 Phase-contrast Sequence MRV images of meningioma beside venous sinus. Observing the location concern with venous sinus and the meningioma, and the degree that the tumor compressing, eroding and obstructing the venous sinus. Then, comparating and analyzing the diagnoses of MRV with the findings of operation one by one. Results: All of the 26 phase-contrast sequence MRV images are cleraly displayed: (1) 11 cases suggest that the venous sinus was compressed of different degree, and it was confirmed by operation, in which it was found that the venous sinus had adhesion with the tumor, and the coincidence rate is 100%. (2) 6 cases suggest that the tumor clung to the venous sinus, four of which were confirmed by operation that the venous sinus was not eroded, while the other two were comfirmed to be eroded. (3) 9 cases suggest that there was no relationship between the tumor and venous sinus, and it was confirmed by operation. The coincidence rate is 100%. Conclusions: As an economical, non-invasive, non-contrast media imaging technology, phase-contrast sequence MRV has values to evaluating the relationship between meningioma and cranial venous sinus. It has important guiding significance when selecting surgical approach of meningioma close to venous sinus, and preventing complication after operation. It is worth routine using before operation.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[MRI features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.009</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To study the MRI featheres of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 8 patients with pathologically proven XGC in this study. All patients underwent MRI scanning. The MRI feathers were: the patterns of wall thickening and enhancement, the presence of intramural nodules, mucosal line and presence of stones in the gallbladder. Liver parenchyma changes were also reviewed. Results: Gallbladder wall thickening occurred in all of the 8 cases. 6 cases were diffuse thickening and 2 cases were local thickening. Nodules were found in all of the 8 cases, which were low signal intensity on T1WI and high signal intensity on T2WI. Mucous membrane enhanced in all cases, in which 6 cases had intact mucosal line, 2 cases had interrupted mucosal line. All patients had cholecystolithiasis. Temporal enhancement of arterial phase in liver parenchyma in all cases. Conclusions: Frequent imaging manifestation of XGC were asymmetrical thickening of gallbladder wall, nodule in gallbladder wall, intact mucosal line and temporal enhancement of arterial phase in liver parenchyma.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Value of magnetic resonance imaging in parametrial invasion of cervical cancer]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.010</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To investigate the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in parametrial invasion of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Fifty-eight consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer were collected. MRI findings were compared with the pathologic findings in all cases. The parametrial invasion was evaluated in the following four groups, T2 weighted imaging (T2WI), T2WI combined with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T2WI combined with contrast enhancement and T2WI combined with DWI and contrast enhancement. Results: Among these 58 patients, 8 patients had parametrial invasion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of T2WI were 87.5%, 90.0%, 58.3%, 97.8%, 89.7%. Those of T2WI combined with DWI were 87.5%, 96.0%, 77.8%, 98.0%, 94.8%. Those of T2WI combined with contrast enhancement were 62.5%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 94.3%, 94.8%. Those of T2WI combined with DWI and contrast enhancement were 87.5%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 98.0%, 98.3%. Conclusions: T2WI combined with DWI and contrast enhancement is superior to other three groups in the evaluation of parametrial invasion.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant bone tumors]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.011</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To find out the specific signs of differential diagnosis between benign and malignant bone tumors by comparing study of MR and pathology. Materials and Methods: Review 156 cases of bone tumors that are proved by surgical procedure and pathology, which include 78 cases of benign and malignant bone tumors respectively (borderline and aggressive tumors like giant cell tumor and desmoplastic fibroma are excluded from the study). The MRI signs were compared with pathological results, the different points between malignant and benign tumors were detected. All the 156 cases were performed MR plain scan using T1WI, T2WI, T2WI with fat suppression and DWI sequences. 81 cases were performed MR enhanced scan using T1WI. The occurrence rates of all the signs in benign and malignant bone tumors are analyzed statistically. Results: Abnormal signals inside bone together with solid soft tissue mass around, 98.5% (64/65) were found in malignant bone tumors, 1.5% (1/65) were found in benign bone tumors, the difference between the two was obvious (u=2.98,  P<0.01). Lesions with clear margin, 47.6% (39/82) were malignant, 52.4% (43/82) were benign, there was no demonstrated difference between the two (u=1.45,  P>0.05). DWI high signal 51.6% (65/126) was found in the malignant, 48.4% (61/126) in the benign, there was no significant difference between the two (u=1.27, P>0.05). Edema around the tumor, 66.7% (60/90) appeared in the malignant, 33.3% (30/90) appeared in the benign, the difference between the two was obvious (u=2.65, P<0.05). Radial periosteal reaction and Codman triangle: 93.8% (45/48) were displayed in malignant, 6.2% (3/48) were shown in benign bone tumors, the difference between the two was obvious (u=2.83, P<0.01). Remarkable enhancement 71.0% (49/69) demonstrated in the malignant, 29.0% (20/69) in the benign, significant difference existed between the two (u=2.33, P<0.05). Conclusions: The reliable sign of malignant bone tumors is the abnormal signal inside the bone combined with solid soft tissue mass around the bone. Radial periosteal reaction and Codman triangle strongly suggest malignant, and can rarely be seen in benign lesions. Clear margin, DWI high signal and edema have no remarkable value to differentiate the benign and malignant bone tumors. Most of the bone tumors with marked enhancement are malignant.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Dynamic MRI research of EPCs tracing rat glioma]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.012</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic homing characteristic of exogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in rat glioma in vivo to provide an experimental basis for the feasibility of using magnetically labeled EPCs as MRI target tracing vectors. Materials and Methods: Three models of Sprague-Dawley at glioma (48 rats in total) were established as control group, experimental group and fake experimental group, In the control group and experimental group, orthotopic transplantation of C6 glioma cells was performed, compared to above groups, only the brain was punctured and no C6 glioma cells was performed. 8 days after the models were established, in the control group and experimental group, 2×106 USPIO-labeled EPCs were transplanted via the tail vein. Magnetic resonance imaging and perfusion-weighted imaging were performed on several days. The conventional MR imaging, including spin echo and gradin-echo sequence, were performed at before and 1, 3, 5, 7 days after transplantation on each group to observe the signal change of the diseased region on T2WI, SWI and T2 value. Tumors were excised from experimental rat of every group at each examined point to make pathological assay. Prussian blue staining represent the distribution of USPIO-EPCs in the tumor. CD34+, SDF-1, MMP-9 and VEGF staining were used to observe the distribution relationship between the Prussian blue staining positive cells and these antibody. Results: In fake experimental group, the MRI signal was similar all the time. The T2 value-time curve was straight. In control group, tumor size developed gradually but the no signal changed, in the experimental group, hypointense areas were detected at the periphery of the tumor on the first day after transplantation of EPCs, and much more hypointense areas were observed inside the tumor over time. The T2 value-time curve was downtrending. There were a little blue- stained cells in fake experimental group, and several blue-stained cells were observed at the the periphery of the tumor on the first day after transplantation of EPCs, and migrated in the center of the tumor gradually. At the sites of blued stained cells, both SDF-1 and MMP-9 were strongly positive, they showed generalized expression in the periphery of the tumor in the early stage, the number of positive antibodies gradually increased in the center of the tumor in the 7 day after transplantation of EPCs, conversely. There was no significant association of blue stained cell localization and VEGF expression in tumor cells. Conclusions: The homing change procedure of USPIO-EPCs in rat glioma can observed by MRI in vivo, there was significant correlation between USPIO-EPCs localization and the change of SDF-1 and MMP-9 in different areas, the antibody SDF-1 and MMP-9 may be one of the molecular biology of EPCs migration.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Quantitative research for metabolites by 9.4 T 1H-MRS in hippocampus of Alzheimer<sup><sup>,</sup></sup>s disease mice]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.013</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objective: To study Alzheimer's disease mice caused by the D-galactose and NaNO2, observe the alteration of hippocampal metabolites using in vitro 9.4 T high resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: Twenty kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups, model group and control group. Female to male ratio was 1:1. The mice in the model group were subcutaneouly injected with D-galactose 120 mg/(kg.d), NaNO2 90 mg/(kg.d) for 60 days and the control group with oral saline. 24 hours later after Morris water maze test, all mice were sacrificed and the right hippocampus were dissected for 1H-MRS examination. Data were collected using in vitro 9.4 T high resolution magnetic resonance spectrometer. Spectra were processed using XWINNMR and MestRe-c 4.3. Compared with the left side, HE and Bielschowsky silver impregnation and congored coloration were employed to detect and confirm the change of brain cells. Results: Good 1H-MR spectra of perchloric acid extract from hippocampus tissue of mice were obtained. The conventional metabolites were detected and assigned. Mean concentrations of metabolites in control group and model group were, NAA: (43.63±7.67) mmol/L and (34.66±6.79) mmol/L. Cho: (53.09±4.32) mmol/L and (48.62±7.92) mmol/L. Glu: (26.87±5.46) mmol/L and (14.87±2.68) mmol/L. mI: (45.93±6.73) mmol/L and (74.09±8.09) mmol/L, the differences of two groups were statistically significance (P<0.05). Results of Morris water maze behavior examination were as: the escape lateney and the movement distance percentage and time percentage were significant difference between control group and model group (P<0.05). The neurons in control group were intact and arrange tightly. In the model, pyramidal neurons either presented a densely stained shrunken appearance with minimal cytoplasm or had disappeared. Bielschowsky silver impregnation, many neurofibrillary tangles were found, and neuropil threads are stained in model group. Congored coloration result: in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal fields, orange amylaceous aggradation can be seen. Conclusions: D-galactose and NaNO2 can cause the mice induce Alzheimer's disease in vivo. High resolution 1H-MRS in vitro can detect diversified metabolism. In the model group the hippocampal concentrations of NAA, Cho, Glu are decrease. The changing trend for mI is increase.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[How to optimize breast MR imaging practices and techniques]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.014</link>
<description><![CDATA[Breast MRI has become an essential examination for investigating the pathological breast, which can provide tissue information on high-spatial resolution, multi-dimensional morphology, functional information and without radiation. In order to be referential and instructive in clinical practice, the clinical indications, the basic technical sequence, the optimization parameters and the influencing factors of image quality for the breast MRI were briefly introduced in this article.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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<title><![CDATA[Manganese-based contrast agents for MRI]]></title>
<link>http://www.med-sci.cn/cgzcx/en/en_articlexml.asp?doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.04.016</link>
<description><![CDATA[It is always a challenge to keep improving the contrast of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for different tissues and organs in order to detect diseases. Contrast agents, which can enhance the relaxation of protons in water, are usually used to overcome such issue. Gadolinium-based complexes are the most predominantly used contrast agents owing to its good enhancement effect on the relaxation time, but they may be caused a serious disease called nephrogenic systemic ﬁbrosis (NSF), so they have a limited use in vivo.  Manganese is a non-lanthanide paramagnetic metal, and possess a good enhancement effect on the relaxation due to ﬁve unpaired electrons of bivalent manganese. Manganese-based contrast agents include manganese salts, small organic chelates, macromolecule chelates, oxide nanopaticles and so on. Manganese has also play essential roles in cell biology and very low toxic in vivo, which enables the usage with a large dose in MRI. This paper reviews the recent applications and comments the future outlook of manganese-based contrast agents for MRI.]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun,20 Apr 2014 00:00:00  GMT</pubDate>
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